Photo-identification (photo-id) is one of the main non-invasive capture-recapture methods utilised by marine researchers for monitoring cetacean (dolphin, whale, and porpoise) populations. This method has historically been performed manually resulting in high workload and cost due to the vast number of images collected. Recently automated aids have been developed to help speed-up photo-id, although they are often disjoint in their processing and do not utilise all available identifying information. Work presented in this paper aims to create a fully automatic photo-id aid capable of providing most likely matches based on all available information without the need for data pre-processing such as cropping. This is achieved through a pipeline of computer vision models and post-processing techniques aimed at detecting cetaceans in unedited field imagery before passing them downstream for individual level catalogue matching. The system is capable of handling previously uncatalogued individuals and flagging these for investigation thanks to catalogue similarity comparison. We evaluate the system against multiple real-life photo-id catalogues, achieving mAP@IOU[0.5] = 0.91, 0.96 for the task of dorsal fin detection on catalogues from Tanzania and the UK respectively and 83.1, 97.5% top-10 accuracy for the task of individual classification on catalogues from the UK and USA.
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Using Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems with extensive sensing arrangements on every civil structure can be costly and impractical. Various concepts have been introduced to alleviate such difficulties, such as Population-based SHM (PBSHM). Nevertheless, the studies presented in the literature do not adequately address the challenge of accessing the information on different structural states (conditions) of dissimilar civil structures. The study herein introduces a novel framework named Structural State Translation (SST), which aims to estimate the response data of different civil structures based on the information obtained from a dissimilar structure. SST can be defined as Translating a state of one civil structure to another state after discovering and learning the domain-invariant representation in the source domains of a dissimilar civil structure. SST employs a Domain-Generalized Cycle-Generative (DGCG) model to learn the domain-invariant representation in the acceleration datasets obtained from a numeric bridge structure that is in two different structural conditions. In other words, the model is tested on three dissimilar numeric bridge models to translate their structural conditions. The evaluation results of SST via Mean Magnitude-Squared Coherence (MMSC) and modal identifiers showed that the translated bridge states (synthetic states) are significantly similar to the real ones. As such, the minimum and maximum average MMSC values of real and translated bridge states are 91.2% and 97.1%, the minimum and the maximum difference in natural frequencies are 5.71% and 0%, and the minimum and maximum Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) values are 0.998 and 0.870. This study is critical for data scarcity and PBSHM, as it demonstrates that it is possible to obtain data from structures while the structure is actually in a different condition or state.
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We present a new NLP task and dataset from the domain of the U.S. civil procedure. Each instance of the dataset consists of a general introduction to the case, a particular question, and a possible solution argument, accompanied by a detailed analysis of why the argument applies in that case. Since the dataset is based on a book aimed at law students, we believe that it represents a truly complex task for benchmarking modern legal language models. Our baseline evaluation shows that fine-tuning a legal transformer provides some advantage over random baseline models, but our analysis reveals that the actual ability to infer legal arguments remains a challenging open research question.
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为视觉细分标记图像是一项耗时的任务,尤其是在必须由专业专家注释者(例如土木工程)提供标签的应用领域中。在本文中,我们建议使用归因方法来利用专家注释者和在缺陷细分的情况下进行注释的专家注释之间的有价值的相互作用,以视觉检查民用基础架构。具体而言,对分类器进行了训练,可以检测缺陷,并与基于归因的方法和对抗性攀爬相结合,以生成和完善与分类输出相对应的分割掩码。这些用于在辅助标签框架中使用,在该框架中,注释者可以通过决定接受,拒绝或修改它们作为建议分割掩码与它们进行交互,并将交互记录为弱标签以进一步完善分类器。与对缺陷的手动注释相比,我们所提出的方法应用于自动视觉检查桥梁产生的现实数据集。
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随着大型语言模型的出现,抽象性摘要的方法取得了长足的进步,从而在应用程序中使用了帮助知识工人处理笨拙的文档收集的潜力。一个这样的环境是民权诉讼交换所(CRLC)(https://clearinghouse.net),其中发布了有关大规模民权诉讼,服务律师,学者和公众的信息。如今,CRLC中的摘要需要对律师和法律专业的学生进行广泛的培训,这些律师和法律专业的学生花费数小时了解多个相关文件,以便产生重要事件和结果的高质量摘要。在这种持续的现实世界摘要工作的激励下,我们引入了Multi-iplesum,这是由正在进行的CRLC写作中绘制的9,280个专家作者的摘要集。鉴于源文档的长度,多文章介绍了一个具有挑战性的多文档摘要任务,通常每个情况超过200页。此外,多胎sum与其多个目标摘要中的其他数据集不同,每个数据集都处于不同的粒度(从一句“极端”摘要到超过五百个单词的多段落叙述)。我们提供了广泛的分析,表明,尽管培训数据(遵守严格的内容和样式准则)中的摘要很高,但最新的摘要模型在此任务上的表现较差。我们发布了多体式的摘要方法,以及促进应用程序的开发,以协助CRLC的任务https://multilexsum.github.io。
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通过有限元(FE)模型对工程需求参数(EDP)的计算昂贵估计,同时考虑地震和参数不确定性限制了基于性能的地震工程框架的使用。已经尝试用替代模型代替FE模型,但是,这些模型中的大多数仅是构建参数的函数。这需要重新训练替代物以前未见地震。在本文中,作者提出了一个基于机器学习的替代模型框架,该框架考虑了这两种不确定性,以预测看不见的地震。因此,地震的特征在于使用代表性地面运动套件的SVD计算的正顺序基础。这使人们能够通过随机采样这些权重并将其乘以基础来产生大量的地震。权重以及本构参数作为用EDP作为所需输出的机器学习模型的输入。测试了四个竞争机器学习模型,并观察到一个深神经网络(DNN)给出了最准确的预测。该框架通过使用它成功预测了使用棒模型代表的一层楼和三层建筑的峰值响应来验证该框架,并受到看不见的远场地面运动。
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建模法检索和检索作为预测问题最近被出现为法律智能的主要方法。专注于法律文章检索任务,我们展示了一个名为Lamberta的深度学习框架,该框架被设计用于民法代码,并在意大利民法典上专门培训。为了我们的知识,这是第一项研究提出了基于伯特(来自变压器的双向编码器表示)学习框架的意大利法律制度对意大利法律制度的高级法律文章预测的研究,最近引起了深度学习方法的增加,呈现出色的有效性在几种自然语言处理和学习任务中。我们通过微调意大利文章或其部分的意大利预先训练的意大利预先训练的伯爵来定义Lamberta模型,因为法律文章作为分类任务检索。我们Lamberta框架的一个关键方面是我们构思它以解决极端的分类方案,其特征在于课程数量大,少量学习问题,以及意大利法律预测任务的缺乏测试查询基准。为了解决这些问题,我们为法律文章的无监督标签定义了不同的方法,原则上可以应用于任何法律制度。我们提供了深入了解我们Lamberta模型的解释性和可解释性,并且我们对单一标签以及多标签评估任务进行了广泛的查询模板实验分析。经验证据表明了Lamberta的有效性,以及对广泛使用的深度学习文本分类器和一些构思的几次学习者来说,其优越性是对属性感知预测任务的优势。
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最近的机器学习(ML)和深度学习(DL)的发展增加了所有部门的机会。 ML是一种重要的工具,可以应用于许多学科,但其直接应用于土木工程问题可能是挑战性的。在实验室中模拟的土木工程应用程序通常在现实世界测试中失败。这通常归因于用于培训和测试ML模型的数据之间的数据不匹配以及它在现实世界中遇到的数据,称为数据偏移的现象。然而,基于物理的ML模型集成了数据,部分微分方程(PDE)和数学模型以解决数据移位问题。基于物理的ML模型训练,以解决监督学习任务,同时尊重一般非线性方程描述的任何给定的物理定律。基于物理的ML,它在许多科学学科中占据中心阶段,在流体动力学,量子力学,计算资源和数据存储中起着重要作用。本文综述了基于物理学的ML历史及其在土木工程中的应用。
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